![]() When people reflect upon their own inner experience, they often report that it has a verbal quality ( Baars, 2003). Despite its variability among individuals and across the life span, inner speech appears to perform significant functions in human cognition, which in some cases reflect its developmental origins and its sharing of resources with other cognitive processes. We conclude by considering prospects for an integrated cognitive science of inner speech, and present a multicomponent model of the phenomenon informed by developmental, cognitive, and psycholinguistic considerations. This review examines prominent theoretical approaches to inner speech and methodological challenges in its study, before reviewing current evidence on inner speech in children and adults from both typical and atypical populations. Despite a growing body of knowledge on its phenomenology, development, and function, approaches to the scientific study of inner speech have remained diffuse and largely unintegrated. People in noisy conditions could use the system when privacy is needed, such as during telephone conversations on buses or trains, according to scientists.Inner speech-also known as covert speech or verbal thinking-has been implicated in theories of cognitive development, speech monitoring, executive function, and psychopathology. "We can have the model rover go left or right using silently ‘spoken’ words," Jorgensen said. His team is planning tests with a simulated Mars rover. This proves we could browse the Web without touching a keyboard," Jorgensen explained.Ī second demonstration will be to control a mechanical device using a simple set of commands, according to Jorgensen. We used the numbers again to choose Web pages to examine. We electronically numbered the Web pages that came up as search results. "So we silently spelled out ‘NASA’ and then submitted it to a well-known Web search engine. ![]() We numbered the columns and rows, and we could identify each letter with a pair of single-digit numbers," Jorgensen said. "We took the alphabet and put it into a matrix - like a calendar. Please credit photo to NASA Ames Research Center, Dominic Hart. The first sub-vocal words the system ‘learned’ were ‘stop,’ ‘go,’ ‘left,’ ‘right,’ ‘alpha’ and ‘omega’ and the digits ‘zero’ through ‘nine.’ Silently speaking these words, scientists conducted simple searches on the Internet by using a number chart that represents the alphabet to control a Web browser program. Initial word recognition results were an average of 92 percent accurate. In their first experiment, scientists ‘trained’ special software to recognize six words and 10 digits that the researchers ‘repeated’ subvocally. "It’s recognizing the pattern of a word in the signal." "We use neural network software to learn and classify the words," Jorgensen said. These are processed to remove noise, and then we process them to see useful parts of the signals to show one word from another," Jorgensen said.Īfter the signals are amplified, computer software ‘reads’ the signals to recognize each word and sound. ![]() "We use an amplifier to strengthen the electrical nerve signals. To learn more about what is in the patterns of the nerve signals that control vocal chords, muscles and tongue position, NASA Ames scientists are studying the complex nerve signal patterns. ![]() ![]() "What is analyzed is silent, or sub-auditory, speech, such as when a person silently reads or talks to himself," said Chuck Jorgensen (pictured), a scientist whose team is developing silent, subvocal speech recognition at NASA Ames Research Center in California’s Silicon Valley. In preliminary experiments, NASA scientists found that small, button-sized sensors, stuck under the chin and on either side of the ‘Adam’s apple,’ could gather nerve signals, send them to a processor and then to a computer program that translates them into words. NASA scientists have begun to computerize human, silent reading using nerve signals in the throat that control speech. ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |